水肥运筹降低设施菜地氮淋失协同增产增效_杨岩.pdf

中国农业科学 2026 59 4 850 861 Scientia Agricultura Sinica doi 10 3864 j issn 0578 1752 2026 04 011 收稿日期 2025 03 31 接受日期 2025 04 17 基金项目 山东省重点研发计划 2023TZXD088 山东省自然科学基金 ZR2022MD081 山东省重大科技创新工程 2019JZZY010721 联系方式 杨岩 E mail tornado23 通信作者徐钰 E mail yuxu0221 水肥运筹降低设施菜地氮淋失协同增产增效 杨岩 1 江丽华 2 李妮 2 石璟 1 谭德水 1 刘玉敏 1 赵环宇 1 徐钰 1 1 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 养分资源高效利用全国重点实验室 农业农村部废弃物基质化利用重点实验室 济南 250100 2 山东农业 工程学院 济南 250100 摘要 目的 氮素淋失是设施菜地种植区地下水硝酸盐污染的重要来源之一 明确设施菜地氮素淋失特征为农业面源污染测 算和实现蔬菜绿色高效可持续生产提供依据 方法 以设施番茄 黄瓜轮作系统为研究对象 2016 2023 年 在山东省禹城市 连续 8 年开展不同水肥运筹对设施菜地氮素淋失 蔬菜产量和水肥利用效率影响的试验研究 结果 在设施番茄 黄瓜轮作模 式下 淋溶产流高峰主要发生在3 月和 10 月 基本处于设施番茄和黄瓜的结果初期 高峰期产流量占全年产流量的34 6 以上 水肥优化综合管理模式 OPTW 降低设施菜地淋溶产流量 32 6 以上 但对淋溶强度无显著影响 各处理淋溶液中可溶性总氮 占比达70 0 以上 是氮素流失的主要形态 与传统水肥管理 FP 相比 优化施肥 OPT 全氮淋失量降低24 7 蔬菜年增 产 3 2 水肥利用效率提高2 7 以上 而OPTW 则降低全氮淋失量49 6 蔬菜年产量和水肥利用效率分别提高 19 6 和55 5 以上 OPT 和OPTW 处理全氮淋失系数分别为24 9 和16 3 二者间无显著差异 其中OPTW 较FP 降低31 9 结论 水肥优 化综合管理模式在保证蔬菜增产的同时 实现氮素减排和水肥协同增效 为降低设施菜地氮淋失风险提供可靠技术依托 但后 续研究或实际生产中需对灌溉制度进一步优化 并增配氮形态调控 增强土壤水肥固持能力等农艺措施 关键词 定位监测 水肥优化 灌溉施肥 设施菜地 氮淋失 Water and Fertilizer Management for Reducing Nitrogen Leaching in Facility Vegetable Fields and Achieving Concurrent Yield Increase and Efficiency Improvement YANG Yan 1 JIANG LiHua 2 LI Ni 2 SHI Jing 1 TAN DeShui 1 LIU YuMin 1 ZHAO HuanYu 1 XU Yu 1 1 Institute of Resource and Environment Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Ji nan 250100 2 Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University Ji nan 250100 Abstract Objective Nitrogen leaching is one of the significant sources of nitrate pollution in groundwater in vegetable growing areas with facilities This study aimed to explicit the characteristics of nitrogen leaching in facility vegetable fields for the calculation of agricultural non point source pollution and achieving green efficient and sustainable vegetable production Method This study took the one year two crop system of facility tomato and cucumber as the research object and conducted an 8 year field experiment from 2016 to 2023 in Yucheng City Shandong Province to investigate the effects of different water and fertilizer management strategies on nitrogen leaching yield water and fertilizer use efficiency in facility vegetable fields Result Under the rotation mode of facility tomato and cucumber the peak leaching flow mainly occurred in March and October which were basically during the fruiting periods the runoff yield of peak season accounted for more than 34 6 of the annual flow The optimized water and fertilizer management OPTW significantly reduced the leaching flow in facility vegetable fields by more than 32 6 but had no significant effect on the leaching intensity The proportion of total soluble nitrogen in the leachate of each treatment was more than 70 0 which was the main form of nitrogen loss Compared with the traditional water and fertilizer management FP the optimized